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Sprinter — Mon, 22 Mar 2010 16:28:46 GMT

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PRINTERS

Sprinter — Wed, 24 Feb 2010 17:08:06 GMT

Although the information-processing application itself determines what the content of the output will be, the format of the output depends, in part, on the output device. For example, in the case of generating a simple report, the choices include

· Printing or video display.

· Text and/or graphics.

· Black and white or colour.

Which type of output to use is a decision that depends on the desired use of the information, the cost of producing that information, and whether the required technology is available. When selecting an output device, it is useful to understand the classifications of different output devices along with their capabilities and limitations. Output from a computer system comes in hard copy, soft copy, or machine-readable form.

Hard copy refers to the recording of letters, graphics, or pictures on a hard medium, such as paper or film. Examples of hard copy include printing, drawing lines with a plotter, or photographically recording an impression on film or microfilm.

Soft copy refers to the use of electronic signals to display a temporary image on a surface such as a video screen..

The most common hard-copy devices are printers. There are some common characteristics that should be examined when matching a printer to an application. They include:

· The ability to print images as well as text.

· The quality or the resolution of the printed image.

· The speed of the printer.

· Whether the printer requires special paper.

Printers are classified into two broad categories: impact and nonimpact.

The most common type of impact printer is the dot-matrix printer. The essential part of a dot-matrix printer is a print head, which contains a column of steel pins. Images are formed by driving various combinations of pins against a ribbon and onto the paper. The two main advantages of dot-matrix printers are their low cost and the flexibility with which they can produce images. A dot-matrix printer can print images as well as text. Because characters or images are produced by a selected pattern of dots, these printers can also change the size and style of characters and add emphasis such as bold, italic, or underlining. With the addition of multicoloured ribbons, the printer can produce text and graphics in several colours.

The speed of dot-matrix printers varies considerably depending on what is being printed and the model of the printer. When printing draft-quality text, some dot-matrix printers can operate in the range of 200 to 400 characters per second. When printing near-letter-quality text or graphics, low-

cost dot-matrix printers slow down to a speed of 40 to 80 characters per second.

Line printers are another class of impact printers, which are used primarily in large computer installations for high-speed printing of reports and forms. Unlike slower printers that print only one character at a time, these printers set up an entire line of print at once. Although they still print character by character or dot by dot, the process happens so fast that it appears to be printing one line at a time.

A plotter is an output device that produces an image on paper by controlling the motion of a pen carriage that draws lines. The plotter sees the output medium of paper as a series of X, Y coordinates. If you plotted similar coordinates on a piece of graph paper and drew lines connecting the points, you would have an approximate visual metaphor for how a plotter draws lines. The computer system sends the plotter a series of numbers representing^, ^’coordinates in the desired pattern. The pen carriage then moves to the different positions while holding the pen on the surface of the paper. Curves are drawn by linking a series of very short straight lines together.

Part 2.

Another category of printers is nonimpact printers. They operate on the same dot-forming principle as the dot-matrix printer; however, instead of using an impact mechanism, they use nozzles, heat, electricity, magnetism, or optical methods to transfer an image onto paper.

Inkjet printers form characters or graphics with a print head containing tiny nozzles or jets that spray drops of ink onto the paper. The effect is similar to dot-matrix printing.

An inkjet printer is capable of printing colour images. By using a separate nozzle and ink cartridge for each of the three subtractive primary colours—cyan (dark blue), magenta, and yellow—plus a fourth for black, up to six different hues can be printed. The colour inkjet printer is an improvement over the problems of ribbons with multiple colour bands that are required for colour dot-matrix printers. Very expensive inkjet printers produce high-quality colour, which is well suited for low-volume publishing, proof copies and overhead transparencies.

Besides colour, other advantages of inkjet printers include quiet operation and high reliability, thanks mainly to fewer moving parts. A possible disadvantage is the problem of nozzle clogging.

A new variation of the inkjet printer is called a bubble-jet printer. With bubble-jet technology, the printing element is a computer chip with miniature openings, each with its own heating element. By heating the ink and forcing it through the opening, a small bubble is created. The bubble makes a more precise mark on the paper with less scattering of ink droplets than a conventional inkjet printer. The result is a sharper image.

Laser printers create images with a laser beam scanning across an electrically charged drum. As in a copier, toner or ink with an opposite charge sticks to the drum and is then transferred to paper by pressure and heat to create the finished image. In the past, laser printers were limited to minicomputer and mainframe applications that needed high-volume, high-quality printing.

Laser printers offer near-typeset-quality text, medium-resolution graphics capabilities, and higher speed than conventional impact or nonimpact printers. For example, most of the low-cost laser printers can print eight pages a minute at a resolution of 300 or 600 dots per inch. All can mix type styles and sizes as well as graphic images on the same page.

Laser printers are quite different from conventional printers. They contain their own built-in microprocessor and RAM and ROM memories in order to produce high print speed and resolution. For example, to print one page of graphic images at a resolution of 300 dots per inch, each square inch requires 90,000 dots. An 8-by-10-inch piece of paper would require 7.2 million dots. If each dot is equivalent to a bit, it would take slightly less than one megabyte of memory to store a single page. Because these printers process and print an entire page at a time, they are often called page printers.

A close cousin of the laser printer uses an array of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) instead of the beam of light emitted by a laser. LED printers feature a simpler design than laser printers, which translates into higher reliability and lower costs.

A difference among laser printers is whether characters are produced by using selected patterns of dots, called bitmaps, or by using mathematical descriptions, called outlines. Printers that feature the latter use a page-description language—a language that is used to describe output to a printer or display device.

The language includes commands for describing individual character shapes, drawing lines and polygons, and scaling (i.e., making an object appear larger or smaller). When you print on a printer that is equipped with a page description-language, the language takes care of the behind-the-scenes technical details. It constructs a program describing the pages and sends it to the printer. When the printer receives the program, it executes the commands and produces the output. The result is more precise control over the way each page is printed and improved quality of the output.

Gerunds and infinitives на 22.02.2010

Sprinter — Sun, 21 Feb 2010 07:28:53 GMT

Chapter 15 Gerunds and infinitives Part 2
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Scanners на 11.02.10

Sprinter — Wed, 10 Feb 2010 17:49:47 GMT

Scanners
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AMERICAN BELIEFS AND VALUES

Sprinter — Mon, 08 Feb 2010 18:01:57 GMT

AMERICAN BELIEFS AND VALUES
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THE COUNTRY AND THE PEOPLE на 09.02.2010

Sprinter — Mon, 08 Feb 2010 17:59:44 GMT

THE COUNTRY AND THE PEOPLE
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Indirect speech + REPORTED SPEECH(на 1.02.2010)

Sprinter — Sun, 31 Jan 2010 09:12:31 GMT

Indirect speech - 1стр. - теоретический материал для выполнения классной работы. 2стр. - материал для общего развития
REPORTED SPEECH - просто принести на понедельник

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Английский на 18.01.2010

Sprinter — Sat, 16 Jan 2010 14:33:56 GMT

Subject-Verb Agreement Скачать

Unit 4 INPUT

Sprinter — Wed, 13 Jan 2010 15:08:04 GMT

1.1 Read and translate the following words and word-combinations.

an information system, deactivate processing, encode data, digital code, transform data into digital code, an information-processing cycle, a finger touch, a machine-readable code, an encoded piece of data, source documents, a separate transcribing step, input technology, error-prone transcribing, computer processing, the point of origin, a specially encoded price tag, a human error, time-consuming, a special reading device.

1.2 Learn key-words and expressions.

activate (v) – активувати; викликати

batch(n) – пакет

batch-processing system – система опрацювання пакетами

capture data – збирати дані

eliminate(v) – вилучати

encode data – закодувати данні

enter data – вводити дані

error prone – схильний до помилок

finger touch – дотик пальця

information processing – опрацювання інформації

machine-readable code – машинний код

memory location – комірка пам’яті

on-line processing - оперативне опрацювання

scan(v) – сканувати

source document – початковий документ

switch(v) – перемикати

transcribed input – закодоване введення

transform data into digital code – перетворити дані у цифровий код

trigger (n) – тригер; запускати

1.3 Read and translate the text.

COMPUTER SYSTEM INPUT

Generally, an information system is activated by the input of data or information. Input can also deactivate processing, just as a light switch can turn off a light as well as turn it on. Thus, the primary role of input is to activate or deactivate information processing.

Input is a process that involves the use of a device to encode or transform data into digital codes that the computer can process. For example, if you press the letter A on the keyboard of a terminal or personal computer, you activate an information-processing cycle. The key is simply a switch that senses a finger touch and triggers a cycle to accomplish the following: (1) the keystroke is encoded, or converted into a machine-readable code, (2) the encoded piece of data is stored in a memory location for later processing, and (3) output is provided by displaying the letter A on the computer’s monitor screen.

Input can be classified into two broad categories: (1) transcribed input—data that are captured by transcribing from source documents onto another medium that is capable of being input to a computer system and (2) direct source input—data that are captured directly from their source without a separate transcribing step. Advances in input technology are moving the process of input away from transcription toward the capturing of data directly from their source.

For many years, the most common method of preparing data for input to a computer system involved transcribing the data into computer-readable form. Often, data exist in a source document, a form that contains the data to be processed by a computer, such as a pre-printed invoice. One of the earliest transcribing devices was the keypunch machine. Data were entered on a keyboard and transcribed by punching combinations of holes into specially designed cards.

There are two major drawbacks to transcribed input. The first is that the process is time consuming. By the time data go through a transcribing process, it may take hours or even days before they are input to a computer system. The second is that the process is error prone. Human error is the single biggest cause of mistakes in data input.

Time-consuming and error-prone transcribing can be bypassed by entering data directly from their source with a special reading device known as a scanner. This saves time by eliminating the step of pressing cash register keys, and it is also a more accurate way of entering data.

1.4 Find synonyms.

encode, convert, drawback, means, transform, capture, fulfil, enter, advance, gather, breakthrough, common, main, general, include, disadvantage, collect, primary, accomplish, involve, major, medium

1.5 Give English equivalents.

перетворити дані в цифровий код, цикл опрацювання інформації, запустити цикл, збирати дані, підготувати дані до введення, введення даних з клавіатури, вхідне повідомлення (опрацювання запиту), пристрій сканування, клавіатура ПК, відчувати дотик пальця, перетворити в машинний код, зберігати в комірці пам’яті, інший запит, процес введення

1.6 Give Ukrainian equivalents.

information-processing cycle, batch-processing system, on-line transaction processing, office automation technology, satellite communication system, automatic teller machine, computer- based device, fast-food industry, computer-generated image, liquid-crystal display, pianolike keyboard, computer-aided instruction, computer-aided design, cathode-ray tube, floppy disk drive, graphical user interface, long-term storage, fibre-optic cable

1.7 Answer the questions.

1. In what way is an information system activated?

2. What is the primary role of input?

3. What are the two categories of classifying input?

4. What do we call systems using transcribed data input?

5. What are the advantages of direct source input?

6. What devices are used for direct source input?

Английский на 12.01.2010

Sprinter — Mon, 11 Jan 2010 20:37:04 GMT

HOLIDAYS

Each of the 50 states establishes its own legal holidays. The federal government, through the President and Congress, can legally set holidays only for federal employees and for the District of Columbia. Most states, however, accept the federal legal holidays. Holidays for all federal offices, most state and local government offices, and many (but not all!) businesses are:

New Year's Day (January 1)

Martin Luther King's Birthday (third Monday in January)

Washington's Birthday, sometimes called "Presidents' Day"

(third Monday in February)

Memorial Day (last Monday in May)

Independence Day (July 4)

Labor Day (first Monday in September)

Columbus Day (second Monday in October)

Veterans' Day (November 11)

Thanksgiving Day (fourth Thursday in November)

Christmas Day (December 25)

Most states have holidays which are "observed," but are not necessarily "legal." The name of the holiday (e.g. Confederate Memorial Day) goes on the calendar (last Monday in April) for a state (Alabama, Mississippi), yet this does not mean that businesses are always closed or children let out of school. There are also special days in most states which are proclaimed, have no effect otherwise. This is also true at the national level. The President or Congress might proclaim a special day or week (e.g. National Employ Handicapped Week, first week in October) in order to bring attention to certain concern, interest group, or problem.

The many religious holidays such as Good Friday, Hanukkah, or Ramada are observed, of course, by the religious, but they have no national or official legal status. Rather, each state sets its own laws, and whether or not an employee is given time off also depends on labor agreements.

There are many traditional holidays, observed by a large number of Americans, which are also neither legal nor official. Among these are Groundhog Day, Valentine's Day, St. Patrick's Day (not just people with Irish ancestry will "wear the green" on March 17), Mother's Day, and Halloween (the last day of October).

The three holidays which were first observed in the U.S. but have now spread elsewhere are Labor Day (usually observed on May 1 elsewhere). Thanksgiving (in Canada), and Mother's Day (wherever there are florists, greeting-card companies, candy manufacturers, and mothers).

Perhaps the two "most American" of the holidays are the Fourth of July Independence Day - and Thanksgiving. The Fourth of July is like a big, nationwide birthday party. Yet, it's a party that takes place in neighborhoods, o beaches or in parks, or on suburban lawns throughout the country. Some towns and cities have parades with bands and flags, and most politicians will try to give a patriotic speech or two, should anyone be willing to listen. But what makes the Fourth of July is the atmosphere and enjoyment of, for instance, the family beach party, with hot dogs and hamburgers, volleyball and softball, the fireworks and rockets at night (and, often, a sunburn and a head* ache the next morning). The nation's birthday is also the nation's greatest annual summer party.

Like Christmas, Thanksgiving is a day for families to come together. Traditional foods are prepared for the feast - turkey or ham, cranberry sauce and corn dishes, breads and rolls, and pumpkin pie. At the same time, Thanksgiving is a solemn occasion, a day to remember the many who are less well off, in America and throughout the world.

Martin Luther King's Day

Martin Luther King struggled for the equal rights of African-Americans and white citizens of the United States.

On August 23,1963, a crowd of more than 25,000 people gathered in Washington, D.C. and marched to the Capitol Building to support the passing of laws that guaranteed every American equal civil rights. Martin Luther King was at the front of the "March on Washington". On the steps of the Lincoln Memorial that day, Dr. King delivered a speech that was later entitled "I Have a Dream". The march was one of the largest gatherings of black and white people that the nation's capital had ever seen, and no violence occurred.

In 1968, Martin Luther King was assassinated while he was leading a workers' strike in Memphis.

Americans now honor his birthday to remember this great man of peace and equality.

Presidents' Day Abraham Lincoln's Birthday (February 12th) George Washington's Birthday (February 22nd)

Americans consider the birthdays of their outstanding citizens George Washington and Abraham Lincoln public holidays.

Washington is called "the father of the nation", for he was the first president of the United States. The capital of the country, Washington, D.C, was named in his honor.

Abraham Lincoln is considered by many the greatest of all American heroes. During his term as president, the Civil War broke out. The most outstanding achievements of the president presidency were the preservation of the Union and the abolishing of slavery.

Memorial Day

This day was established to honor those who died in the American Civil War. It is not limited to honor only those Americans from the armed forces. Families and individuals honor the memories of their loved ones who have died with church services and visits to the cemetery, where they lay flowers on the graves. Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia is the nation's largest national cemetery. Flags are placed on each grave in the early hours of the Friday morning before Memorial Day.

On Memorial Day the president or vice president of the United Stat gives a speech and lays a wreath on the tombs. Members of the armed fore shoot a rifle salute in the air.

Independence Day

This is the most important holiday of the nation, which celebrates its birthday. On this day in 1776 the Continental Congress adopted the famous Declaration of Independence. Communities have day-long picnics with their favorite foods like hot dogs, hamburgers, potato salad, baked beans and all the fixings.

The afternoon activities could not be complete without lively music, friendly baseball game, three-legged races and a pie-eating or watermelon-eating contest. Some cities have parades with people dressed as the original founding fathers who march in parades to the music of high school bands. At dusk, people in towns and cities gather to watch the fireworks display. Wherever America are around the globe, they get together for a traditional 4th of July celebration.

Labor Day

On September 5th, 1882, the first Labor Day parade was held in New York City. Today some cities have parades and community picnics. Man politicians "kick off⁵ their political campaigns by holding rallies on the holiday. Most Americans consider Labor Day the end of the summer, and the beaches and other popular resort areas are packed with people enjoying o last three-day weekend.

Columbus Day

Christopher Columbus, an Italian discovered the American continent in 1492 by accident, while seeking a short route to Asia. Thus, he called the natives the "Indians" and the islands he explored the "West Indies", which bear this name to this day. This event is widely celebrated in most Latin American countries as well. The District of Columbia was named in hit honor, as well as many cities, squares, and streets.

Veterans ‘Day

This day, like Memorial Day, is a solemn occasion in honor of all American veterans of all wars. In many communities veterans march in parades, national flags are displayed, and special ceremonies, observing a two-minute silence, are held at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Arlington National Cemetery.

Thanksgiving Day

It is the oldest national holiday. The Pilgrims, the first English settlers searching for religious freedom, came on the Mayflower boat to Plymouth Bay, Massachusetts, in 1620. They suffered a very hard winter. By the autumn of the next year, assisted by the Indians they had a good harvest. A feast of turkey and pumpkin pie was given to celebrate the harvest and to give thanks to God for their survival. The old traditions of their feast are observed throughout the country today.

Thanksgiving is a time for tradition and sharing. Even if they live far away, family members gather for a reunion at the house of an older relative. All give thanks together for the good things that they have. Civic groups and charitable organizations offer a traditional meal to those in need, particularly the homeless. Foods eaten at the first Thanksgiving have become traditional.

Tasks and Questions for Discussion

1. Can holidays in America be divided into historic, public and personal ones?

2. How is American history reflected in national holidays?

3. Do you think the way of celebrating national holidays in America differs from that in our country?

4. Express your attitude towards religious holidays in America and in Ukraine.

5. Speak about national holidays in Ukraine.

6. Is there any difference between official and family holidays in the USA?